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发表于 2010-12-30 20:56:13
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本帖最后由 老朽 于 2011-3-5 16:25 编辑
转帖http://www.nimc.org.cn/sns/home/space.php?uid=392&do=blog&id=2153 连载三篇，有兴趣者打开链接去看看
年前似乎突然間ATP成為一個新的話題，雖然之前有所了解，但也僅僅與國外專家討論時提及，從沒有真正仔細品味過。春節長假在家，好好閉門練功一陣子，在網上發現了很多不錯的資料，順藤摸瓜地又重新看了美國標準AAMI ST79；滅菌標準。在附錄中發現了太多的東西是以前忽略的，所以節後這兩三周，透過公司的資源把這些過外資料好好整理了下，放到日誌中與各位老師分享，希望透過一個科學的討論，把ATP這個工具好好運用到正確的方向，有著良性循環才能讓原本稀少的醫療資源發揮到極致。
Exploding the myths about ATP hygiene monitoring
破除ATP卫生监测的神话
There are several misconceptions regarding the application of ATP bioluminescence for hygiene monitoring, and this article will address the issues. 关于ATP生物冷光反应技术(ATP bioluminescence)应用在卫生监控上有几个错误概念，本文将针对这个议题作讨论。
There is little doubt that the application of ATP bioluminescence for hygiene monitoring applications is widely recognized as an effective test for hygiene and the verification of cleaning procedures. The broader benefits of 25 – 50% on cleaning chemical, improvements in product quality and shelf life, the previsions of data for real time trend analysis and evidence of due diligence.
The technology and application has been in use for over 30 years and there are many publications on the subject (Griffith et al 1997: Dillon & Griffth, 1999; Illsey et al., 2000).
Senior technical professionals from leading independent organizations around the world concur that the ATP test is a direct, objective method that detects product residues on surfaces, and that the test is not intended to be a direct replacement for the traditional cultural microbiological test. Put simply, ATP hygiene monitoring is a product residue test, not a bacteria test. 毫无疑问地，ATP生物冷光反应技术普遍被认为是一个可用于卫生及清洁步骤监测的工具。这种快速替代测试的好处还包括降低25 - 50％的化学洗剂成本、改善产品质量和保存期限、提供实时趋势分析的数据、以及实质审查的证据。
这项技术及其应用已使用了30多年，且有许多关于这个议题的出版品(Griffith 等人 1997; Dillon & Griffith, 1999; IlIsey 等人., 2000)。
世界各地领先独立机构的高级技术专家一致赞成ATP测试是一个直接的，客观的方法，可用于检测表面的产品残留物，而此测试方法并不打算成为一个直接替代传统微生物培养的检测方式。简单地说，ATP的卫生监测是一个产品残留物的检测，而不是细菌检测。
What is ATP hygiene monitoring? 什么是ATP卫生监测？
The method uses the enzyme luciferase to convert a chemical compound (Adenosine Triphosphate, ATP) into a light signal which is measured by the instrument that gives results in Relative Light Units (RLU). The enzyme is very specific for ATP only and does not detect ADP or AMP. The test is very sensitive (limit of detection is typically 10-15 mols ATP), gives results in seconds that are linear, repeatable and reproducible. However the test is a biological assay and is therefore inherently more variable (lower precision and accuracy) than that a chemical assay. Sample distribution and collection can have a significant impact on the results. It is important to understand the sources of error to obtain reasonable expectations of the test results, particularly when comparing different systems. 该方法使用冷光蛋白酶将化学化合物（三磷酸腺苷，ATP）转换为光信号，仪器测量后得到冷光强度，以相对光单位（Relative Light Units ，RLU）表示。这种冷光蛋白酶只对ATP有特异性，并不会侦测到 ADP(。此检测方式的敏二磷酸腺苷，简称ADP)或AMP(一磷酸腺苷(腺嘌呤核糖核苷酸，简称AMP)( http://baike.baidu.com/view/37286.htm )感性相当高（检测极限一般是10-15莫耳的 ATP），在几秒钟内便可得到线性的、具有可重复性及可重现的结果。然而，此检测方式是一种生物检测，与化学检测法相比，其本质上变异性较大（低精密度和准确度）。样本分布和收集对结果也具有重大影响。重要的是要知道的误差来源为何，以得到合理预期的测试结果，尤其是在比较不同的系统时。
ATP is the universal energy carrier and is found in all living organisms from the food we eat, our own body fluids and micro-organisms. The ATP content of foodstuff and body fluids is very large (usually millions of times greater) than that of micro-organisms. This is largely due to the size differences but is also a function of metabolic condition. ATP是一种普遍的能量载体，存在于所有生物体中，举凡从我们吃的食物，我们的体液和微生物中都有这种物质。食品及体液中的ATP含量相当多，通常比微生物高出约一百万倍。这主要是由于体积大小的不同，但同时也表示一个代谢状态的作用。
The ATP hygiene test detects ATP from all sources and cannot differentiate ATP from different sources. Contamination (organic matter or microbes) are not evenly distributed on product contact surface. Accordingly, the ATP hygiene test should not be considered as an absolute, precise measurement of surface contamination. It is a sophisticated sensitive indicator test of hygienic status and potential risk. ATP卫生测试会侦测到各种来源的ATP，因此无法区分不同来源的ATP。污染（有机物或微生物）并非均匀地分布在产品接触表面。因此，在检测表面污染时，ATP卫生测试不应被视为是一个绝对的、精确的检测。它是在评估卫生状态及潜在风险时，一个复杂且敏感的指标。
Is there a relationship between the ATP test result and microbial numbers on food production equipment? Yes but it is a coincidental relationship. The primary purpose of cleaning is to remove product residue for product contact surfaces. Effective cleaning simultaneously removes the material capable of supporting microbial survival and growth, as well as many of microbes themselves. Accordingly there will be direct relationship between ATP hygiene monitoring and microbial enumeration as methods. This coincidental relationship cannot be expected to be 100% because both methods are measuring different analyses and both are variable biological tests. Some published data shows 80-90% agreement whereas other data shows 67%agreement (see Table 1) due to the presence of product residues that are not detected by the microbial test. 在食品生产设备上，ATP的检测结果与微生物的数量是否具有相关性？ 是的，但它们之间的相关性只是一个巧合。清洁的主要目的是去除产品接触面的产品残留。有效的清洁能够同时去除让微生物存活、生长的物质，以及微生物本身。也因此，ATP的卫生监测和微生物计数的方法间将会有直接的相关性。这种巧合的关连性并非100%，因为这两种方法都是在侦测不同的被分析物，且两种方法都是具有变异性的生物测试。有些公布的数据显示这两种方法有 80 - 90％的一致性，而其他数据显示有67％（见表 1），那是因为产品残留物没有被微生物检测法侦测到。
Accordingly the ideal test to measure cleaning efficiency is a product residue test that gives rapid results so that corrective action (e. g. re-cleaning) can implemented immediately in support of GMP and HACCP. This is what the ATP hygiene test delivers. 因此检测清洁效力的理想测试方法是产品残留物测试，它可提供一个快速的结果以便立即更正清洗过程(如重新清洗），以符合GMP和HACCP的规范。这就是ATP卫生检验所提供的正确用途。
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楼主: dearhang
